نشریه علوم دامی (پژوهش و سازندگی)
پیاپی 100 (پاییز 1392)

In this experiment, down with the goal of preliminary increasing buffalo rumen situation and enhancing the potential of digestibility and fermentability of roughages in laboratory condition, the effects of different levels of molasses/sulfur and urea on fermentability of buffalo diets were inverstigated, using a completely randomized design in factorial arrangment. Both molasses and sulfur, was considered as a factor one with 4 levels for each of them (5, 10, 15 and 20 percent of molasses, and 0.33, 0.37, 0.41 and 0.45 percent of sulfur, per dry matter), and urea was considered as a factor two with 3 levels (0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent of urea, per dry matter). Totally, 12 diets were prepared in forage and concentrate sigments with regards of requirments of dairy buffaloes. Rumen fermentability was determind via method of gas production, using rumen fluid obtained from 4 ruminally fistulated male buffaloes. After 12 hours of incubation toward later, significant differences were observed between means of gas production by increasing of different levels of molasses/sulfur and urea in diets (P<0.05). The investigation of simple and intraction effects of different levels of molasses/sulfur and urea, on cummulative, noncummulative and corrected cummulative gas production,corrected based on urea level, indicated to significant decrease on rumen fermentability at lavels of 20% of molasses, 0.45% of sulfur (M4S4) and 1.5% of urea (U3) (P<0.05).

In this study, 400 heads of dairy cattle (60 farms) were selected based on randomized stratified sampling method and divided to 3 classes of 1-5, 6-10 and more than 10 heads. Information for status of feed and milk yield production of the farms collected directly by completing questionnaires and monthly recording. Results showed that providing dry matter (DM),natural detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and net energy lactation (NEL) was more than requirement of dairy cattle (P≤ 0.01). By mean, DM, NDF, ADF and NEL were 1.46, 2.94, 1.52 kg. and 4.08 Mcal per day/ head, respectively. Defficiency of metabolizable protein (MP) for class one was equal 100.5 (g.) and excess of the protein was equal 87.53(g.) per head for class two. Mineral supply for calcium, phosphorus,magnesium, potassium,chlorine and sulfur were more than requirement of dairy cattles (P≤ 0.01).However, dairy cattle only received sodium at required level. Consequently dairy cow, confronted with deficiency in the protein and excessive energy,fiber and mineral in their diets (P≤ 0.01).

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on performance, blood metabolites and immune response of laying hens. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 180 hy- line (W36) laying hens in 5 treatments and 3 replicates (with 12 hens in each replicate) from 60 until 72 weeks of age. The dietary levels of pennyroyal used with study were 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 percent. The results showed that different levels of pennyroyal has significantly effects on egg traits in laying hens (p<0.05). The highest amount of egg specific gravity (1.083mg/ml3) was resulted by using 0.5 percent of pennyroyal and the highest amount of egg albumin (44.51g), and egg yolk weight (21.31g) were recorded by using 1 percent of pennyroyal. Using pennyroyal significantly improved the egg yolk color index (p<0.05). The results showed that different levels of pennyroyal did not have any significant effects on performance, blood metabolites and immune response of laying hens (p>0.05). However using pennyroyal had positive effects on performance, blood metabolites and immune response of laying hens. The overall results showed that using pennyroyal medicinal plant powder until 1 percent improved the egg traits of laying hens and lead to improve the performance, blood metabolites and immune response of laying hens.

This project was carried out to identfing of plants used by honeybees in west Azarbaijan Province, Iran. The area of two watersheds was 200000 Ha. After providing maps in beginning of vegetation period regular visitation was performed from the region and in Releve spicements were collected. The minimum areas were determined by using Cain and Castro method, in each Releve plant species, phenology, canopy and density of each species were recorded. Nomination of types was done based on plant species used by honybees. In Nazloochay region 11 types and in Rozehchay region 5 types were determined. 107 species in 29 family in Nazloo chay and 127 species in 34 family in Rozehchay were collected and were identified by using flora. The important families of Nazloochay are followed respectively: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Poaceae and the important families of Rozehchay are followed by Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Brassicaceae.

In order to study milk and fat yield curves of Khuzestani and Azeri breeds in 1st lactation, a total of 22.731 and 21.571 test-day records for each trait were used in the analyses. Eleven mathematical functions were used for fitting the curves. Adj, R2AICc, and Durbin Watson statistics were used for evaluation of the functions. A function with higher Adj-R2 but lower AICc and without auto correlated residuals is more desirable. According to Adj-R2, Diphasic and Rook functions had the highest (0.94) and the lowest (0.38) values in Khuzestani breed, respectively. Whereas, most of the functions had similar results in Azeri buffaloes, except for Legender polynomial (0.92), Monophasic (0.91), and Rook (0.88) functions that had lower values of the Adj-R2. Evaluation of the functions based on AICc statistic in Khuzestani breed showed that Diphasic and Legender polynomial functions were the best in fitting the milk yield and fat yield curves, respectively. However, Rook and Cobby functions acquired the lowest ranks in fitting the traits’ curves. Also, Mixed log and Ali & Schaeffer functions were among the ones with highest ranks in Azeri breed. Rook and Monophasic functions, however, had the lowest ranks. According to Durbin Watson statistic, residuals of Diphasic, Legender polynomial, Dijkstra, and Ali & Schaeffer functions were not positively auto correlated. However, residuals of the other functions were, in some cases, positively auto correlated. None of the functions in Azeri breed showed auto correlated residuals. In Khuzestani breed, however, most of the functions showed positively auto-correlated residuals.

(Co) variance component, genetic parameters and influences of inbreeding on production trait of Holstein cows at hot region of Iran were estimated using pedigree information of 51559 animals with 28215, 22069 and 2955 records at the first lactation for milk, fat and protein yields. Data collected by the Animal Breeding Centre from the 273 herds in 11 hot provinces of Iran. (Co) variance component and genetic parameters were estimated with multiple trait analysis using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures. Breeding value of animals predicted by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) methodology. Genetic and inbreeding trends were estimated by regressing means of animals breeding values and inbreeding coefficient on year of birth. Heritability estimate for milk, fat and protein yields were 0.25±0.01, 0.18±0.013 and 0.27±0.024, respectively. Genetic correlation between milk-fat, milk-protein and fat-protein were 0.83±0.02, 0.84±0.025 and 0.80±0.038, respectively. Inbreeding depression per 1 percent increase in inbreeding coefficient for milk, fat and protein were -14.80±0.42, -0.57±0.01 and -0.55±0.015 kg, respectively. Inbreeding trends was 0.035±0.01percent per year. It also genetic trends for milk fat and protein yields were 13.57±1.58, 0.39±0.06 and 0.41±0.05 kg, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of urea treated baled wheat straw on fattening performance of male calves. The bales of wheat straw (about 10 kg each) were treated with urea solution to obtain 45% moisture and 4.5 % urea and were kept under plastic sheet for one month. Then the plastic was removed and samples of treated straw were taken for chemical analysis and in vitro studies. Bio-availability of the straws to rumen microbes was investigated using in vitro gas production and nylon bag techniques. Effect of treated wheat straw on fattening performance of male calves was assessed using 20 heads of Montbeliard male calves in 120 days of fattening period. Animals were divided into equal groups with 10 animals per each. The diet of both groups contained 70% concentrate, 20% wheat straw and 10% alfalfa but in treatment group wheat straw was substituted with urea treated wheat straw. The content of CP in both groups was 14.6% and deficiency of CP in control group was compensated by addition of urea. Animals were fed twice a day and total feed consumption was recorded daily. Animals were weighed every month after 14h of feed and water deprivation. The results showed that urea treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased CP from 2.7% to 6.8% and decreased NDF from 85 to 79 percent. Results of in vitro gas production showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in volume of gas production between the untreated and the treated straws. Urea treatment significantly (p<0.05) increased the fermentation characteristics of b and c and metabolizable energy. Significant increase (p<0.05) was observed in potential rumen degradation and factor of b in the treated sample. Urea treatment did not affect average daily gain and voluntary feed intake but significantly (p<0.05) improved feed conversion ratio (from 8.14 to 7.51).

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental Cu on rumen parameters and carcass composition of male lambs. Twenty four 3–4 month old male Lori-Bakhtiary lambs were used in this experiment. The lambs were housed in individual pens and assigned randomly to one of three treatments. Treatments were as follows: 1) without supplement (control), 2) lambs received 5 mg Cu/kg DM, and 3) lambs received 10 mg Cu/kg DM. Additives were fed before AM feeding. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily prior to the morning feeding. Body weight was measured every two week of experiment. Also rumen fluid was sampled to evaluate the parameters. At the end of fattening period, lambs were slaughtered and carcass characteristics were measured. Results showed that addition 10 mg Cu/kg DM to feed lambs was reduced significantly feed efficiency and average daily gain (p<0.05). Additives Cu had no significant effect on DMI and final body weight (p>0.05). Also, body weight, and dressing percentage were not affected by supplementations (p>0.05). Lambs received 10 mg Cu/kg DM had lower back fat versus others (p=0.04). Levels of copper added did not affect on profile of fatty acids. Supplement Cu had no effect on rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen, but with the addition of high levels of Cu was tend to reduced in the rumen fluid pH (p=0.07). Also, VFA concentration in rumen fluid samples was not affected by the add-Cu (p>0.05). The strong inverse relationship numerical was between the Cu level and total VFA in rumen fluid. Based on the results of this experiment supplement Cu sulfate in rang of 5 to the 10 mg Cu/kg DM could affect rumen microorganism’s activities and fat production of the lambs.